Primarily it is for automating web applications for testing purposes, but is certainly not limited to just that.

Boring web-based administration tasks can (and should) also be automated as well.

Browser Commands

1. get(String arg0): void – This method Load a new web page in the current browser window.
2. getTitle(): String – This method fetches the Title of the current page.
3. getCurrentUrl(): String – This method fetches the string representing the Current URL which is opened in the browser.
4. getPageSource(): String – This method returns the Source Code of the page.
5. close(): void – This method Close only the current window the WebDriver is currently controlling.
6. quit(): void – This method Closes all windows opened by the WebDriver.

Selenium Navigation Commands

1. navigate().to(String arg0): void – This method Loads a new web page in the current browser window.
2. navigate().forward() : void – This method does the same operation as clicking on the Forward Button of any browser.
3. navigate().back() : void – This method does the same operation as clicking on the Back Button of any browser.
4. navigate().refresh() : void – This method Refresh the current page. It neither accepts nor returns anything.

Selenium WebElement Commands

1. clear( ) : void – If this element is a text entry element, this will clear the value.
2. sendKeys(CharSequence… keysToSend ) : void – This simulates typing into an element, which may set its value.
3. click( ) : void – This simulates the clicking of any element. Accepts nothing as a parameter and returns nothing.
4. isDisplayed( ) : boolean – This method determines if an element is currently being displayed or not.
5. isEnabled( ) : boolean – This determines if the element currently is Enabled or not?
6. isSelected( ) : boolean – Determine whether or not this element is selected or not?
7. submit( ) : void– This method works well/better than the click() if the current element is a form, or an element within a form.
8. getText( ) : String – This method will fetch the visible (i.e. not hidden by CSS) innerText of the element.
9. getTagName( ) : String – This method gets the tag name of this element.
10. getCssvalue( ) : String – This method Fetch CSS property value of the give element.
11. getAttribute(String Name) : String – This method gets the value of the given attribute of the element.
12. getSize( ) : Dimension – This method fetch the width and height of the rendered element.
13. getLocation( ) : Point – This method locate the location of the element on the page.

How to Find Element in Selenium?

Finding elements in Selenium WebDriver is done by using the findElement(By.locator()) method

1. id(String id): By – This is the most efficient and preferred way to find an element in Selenium, as most of the time IDs are unique.
2. name(String name): By– This is also an efficient way to locate an element but again the problem is same as with ID that UI developer makes it having non-unique names on a page or auto-generating the names.
3. className(String className): By – This finds elements based on the value of the CLASS attribute.
4. tagName(String name): By – With this, you can find elements by their TAGNAMES.
5. linkText(String linkText) : By – With this you can find elements of "a" tags(Link) with the link names.
6. partialLinkText(String linkText) : By – With this you can find elements of "a" tags(Link) with the partial link names.
7. xpath(String xpathexpression) : By – It is the most popular and majorly used locating element technique or the easiest way to locate an element in WebDriver.
8. cssSelector(String cssexpression) : By - Locates elements matching a CSS selector.

CheckBox & Radio Button Operations

• By ID
• With IsSelected
• With Value
• By CssSelector

DropDown & Multiple Select Operations

You can choose it by ID, Name, CSS & Xpath, etc.

1. org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select package and to use it we need to create a new Select Object of class Select.
2. Select oSelect = new Select());
3. selectByVisibleText(String arg0) : void – It is very easy to choose or select an option given under any dropdowns and multiple selection boxes with selectByVisibleText method.
4. selectByIndex(int arg0) : void – It is almost the same as selectByVisibleText but the only difference here is that we provide the index number of the option here rather the option text.
5. selectByValue(String arg0) : void – It is again the same as what we have discussed earlier, the only difference in this is that it asks for the value of the option rather than the option text or index.
6. getOptions( ) : List(WebElement) – This gets the all options belonging to the Select tag.
7. deselectAll( ) : void – Clear all selected entries. This is only valid when the SELECT supports multiple selections.
8. deselectByIndex(int arg0) : void – Deselect the option at the given index.
9. deselectByValue(String arg0) : void – Deselect all options that have a value matching the argument.
10. deselectByVisibleText(String arg0) : void – Deselect all options that display text matching the argument.
11. isMultiple( ) : boolean – This tells whether the SELECT element support multiple selecting options at the same time or not.

Handling Web Tables, Frames, And Dynamic Elements

This tutorial consists of 3 different topics and their handling mechanisms in selenium script.

• Web Tables/HTML tables
• Frames
• Dynamic elements

Common Actions Methods:

• build() : Action - Generates a composite action containing all actions so far, ready to be performed
• click() : Action – Clicks at the current mouse location
• click(WebElement target) : Action – Clicks in the middle of the given element
• clickAndHold() : Action – Clicks (without releasing) at the current mouse location
• clickAndHold(WebElement target) : Action – Clicks (without releasing) in the middle of the given element
• contextClick() : Action – Performs a context-click at the current mouse location
• contextClick(WebElement target) : Action – Performs a context-click at middle of the given element
• doubleClick() : Action – Performs a double-click at the current mouse location
• doubleClick(WebElement target) : Action – Performs a double-click at middle of the given element
• dragAndDrop(WebElement source, WebElement target) : Action – A convenience method that performs click-and-hold at the location of the source element, moves to the location of the target element, then releases the mouse
• dragAndDropBy(WebElement source, int xOffset, int yOffset) : Action – A convenience method that performs click-and-hold at the location of the source element, moves by a given offset, then releases the mouse
• keyDown(java.lang.CharSequence key) : Action – Performs a modifier key press
• keyDown(WebElement target, java.lang.CharSequence key) : Action – Performs a modifier key press after focusing on an element
• keyUp(java.lang.CharSequence key) : Action – Performs a modifier key release
• keyUp(WebElement target, java.lang.CharSequence key) : Action – Performs a modifier key release after focusing on an element
• moveByOffset(int xOffset, int yOffset) : Action – Moves the mouse from its current position (or 0,0) by the given offset
• moveToElement(WebElement target) : Action – Moves the mouse to the middle of the element
• moveToElement(WebElement target, int xOffset, int yOffset) : Action – Moves the mouse to an offset from the top-left corner of the element
• pause(java.time.Duration duration) : Action
• pause(long pause) : Action – Performs a pause
• perform() : Action – A convenience method for performing the actions without calling build() first
• release() : Action – Releases the depressed left mouse button at the current mouse location
• release(WebElement target) : Action – Releases the depressed left mouse button, in the middle of the given element
• sendKeys(java.lang.CharSequence... keys) : Action – Sends keys to the active element
• sendKeys(WebElement target, java.lang.CharSequence... keys) : Action – Equivalent to calling: Actions.click(element).sendKeys(keysToSend)
• tick(Action action) : Action
• tick(Interaction... actions) : Action

Basic CSS

What is an Exception?

"Exception" is a standard term used by software programmers regardless of any programming language that is used to write the code. "Exception" as the name suggests is an unusual event or an uncommon case that disrupts the normal flow of program execution.

The Exceptions are classified mainly into two types:

• Checked Exceptions: These exceptions are handled while writing the code itself before the compilation of the code, and hence they are examined at the compile time.
• Unchecked Exceptions: These exceptions get thrown at run time and are more catastrophic as compared to Checked Exception.

10 Common Exceptions in Selenium WebDriver

1. ElementNotVisibleException: In spite of the element being present in the DOM, it is not visible (can not be interactive).
2. ElementNotSelectableException: An element is disabled (can not be clicked/selected) in spite of being present in the DOM
3. NoSuchElementException: Webdriver is not able to determine the elements during runtime
4. NoSuchFrameException: Webdriver attempts to switch to an invalid frame, which is unavailable
5. NoAlertPresentException: Webdriver is trying to switch to an invalid alert, which is unavailable
6. NoSuchWindowException: Webdriver is trying to switch to an invalid window, which is unavailable
7. StaleElementReferenceException: The referenced element is no longer present on the DOM page
8. SessionNotFoundException: Webdriver is acting immediately after 'quitting' the browser
9. TimeoutException: The command did not complete in the specified time
10. WebDriverException: Webdriver is acting immediately after 'closing' the browser

Handling Exceptions In Selenium WebDriver

Following are a few standard ways using which one can handle Exceptions in Selenium WebDriver:

Methods to display Exception Information:

• printStackTrace(): It prints the stack trace, name of the exception, and other useful description
• toString(): It returns a text message describing the exception name and description
• getMessage(): It displays the description of the exception

What is Selenium Grid?

Selenium-Grid allows you to run your tests on different machines against different browsers in parallel. That is, running multiple tests at the same time against different machines, different browsers, and operating systems. Essentially, Selenium-Grid support distributed test execution. It allows for running your tests in a distributed test execution environment.

Configuration of Selenium Grid